John L. ALLEN - KONKLAWE - STRATEGIE I PRZEBIEG

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AutorJohn L. ALLENTytułKONKLAWEStron277OPIS:WydawnictwoEMKA

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stron: 279

ISBN: 83-88931-40-1

Kod EAN: 9788388931406

Wciągający bez reszty przewodnik, który pozwoli zwykłemu śmiertelnikowi zyskać orientację w świecie pierwszoplanowych aktorów jednego z najważniejszych i otoczonych najgłębszą tajemnicą wydarzeń światowych: elekcji papieża. Konkretnie tego, który zastąpił Jana Pawła II na Stolicy Piotrowej. Nie sposób oderwać się od Konklawe, dopóki nie przeczyta się książki do końca.

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John L. Allen, Jr. (born

1965

) is a

journalist

who specializes in

news

about the

Roman Catholic Church

. He is the Vatican analyst of

CNN

and

NPR

.

Biography

Allen grew up in Kansas. Both his grade school and his high school (Thomas More Prep-Marian) were located in Hays, Kansas and run by the Capuchin Franciscans. Allen graduated high school in 1983.[1] He received a master's degree in religious studies from the University of Kansas. For several years, Allen taught journalism and oversaw the student-run newspaper, The Knight, at Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California.

For several years, Allen has worked for the National Catholic Reporter.

During the coverage of the death of Pope John Paul II, Allen frequently appeared on CNN. He is now the Vatican analyst for CNN and for NPR. He also delivers lectures which discuss Vatican issues and his latest works.

John Allen and his wife Shannon live in Rome.

Publications

Perhaps Allen's best-known work is his weekly column about Vatican affairs called "The Word from Rome." This column appears in the print and online versions of the National Catholic Reporter.

In addition to this column and occasional other pieces for NCR, Allen's journalistic work has been published in The New York Times, CNN, NPR, The Tablet, Jesus, Second Opinion, The Nation, the Miami Herald, Die Furche, and the Irish Examiner.

His books were published by Double Day, Random House.

He is also the author of several books, including two on Pope Benedict XVI, one written when he was Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, and one written after his election, as well as a book on Opus Dei.

Writings on the Vatican

In 2000, Allen published a biography entitled Cardinal Ratzinger: The Vatican's Enforcer of the Faith. Several reviewers criticized this book for being biased, since it very often took an anti-Ratzinger stance. Joseph Komonchak, for example, called his writing "Manichaean journalism."[2] After some examination, Allen concluded that these criticisms were valid. As a result, in his next biography of the same man, The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope Was Elected and Where He Will Take the Catholic Church (2005), Allen tried to be fair to all sides and viewpoints. Allen acknowledged that his first book was "unbalanced" because it was his first book, and it was written, he says, "before I arrived in Rome and before I really knew a lot about the universal church. The book "gives prominent voice to criticisms of Ratzinger; it does not give equally prominent voice to how he himself would see some of these issues."[3]

John L. Allen, Jr. with Pope Benedict XVIKenneth L. Woodward, former religion editor for Newsweek, wrote in 2005: "Outside of the North Korean government in Pyongyang, no bureaucracy is harder for a journalist to crack than the Vatican's. And no one does it better than John L. Allen Jr. ... In just three years, Allen has become the journalist other reporters--and not a few cardinals--look to for the inside story on how all the pope's men direct the world's largest church." According to the London Tablet, Allen is "the most authoritative Vatican writer in the English language."

Work on Opus Dei

Allen stated that one of his reasons for writing his 2005 book on Opus Dei was that he felt that liberal and conservative Catholics were too often shouting at each other, and he hoped that a book that tried to be fair to all sides would lead to civilized discussion rather than rancor. A writer who works hard to achieve an objective perspective in his writing, Allen has been called by John Romanowsky of Godspy as having an objectivity that is "maddening." His work on Opus Dei, a very difficult, controversial topic, has been called "definitive" by many, and even "fair" by both sides of the debate.

His harshest critic was Damian Thompson of the Catholic Herald, who, after saying that his "column is a byword for objectivity," said that Allen "applied a daub of whitewash," because Allen did not interview the senior critic of Opus Dei in Britain, Monsignor Vladimir Felzmann. Allen later said that he did spend much space in the book analyzing Felzmann's statements versus the testimonies of other people. (See Opus Dei and politics). Thompson also said that Allen only saw what Opus Dei showed him. Thompson agreed with Allen though in several points: "Opus Dei is not as black as it is painted," Escriva "anticipated the reforming spirit of the Second Vatican Council," "there is nothing very shocking" about the survival of corporal mortification," and that charges that Opus Dei is "financially corrupt and politically far to the Right," are "years out of date." Another critic is Peter McDermott who still called Allen "respected Rome correspondent." His main point is that Allen "doesn't explore the idea that maybe Opus Dei itself is two different realities." Peter Duffy of the Jesuit paper, America Magazine, also called him "respected" but said that Allen bent over backwards to explain the harshest criticisms of Opus Dei.[4]

Piers Paul Read of the Telegraph called it "a dispassionate assessment...definitive, persuasive and absorbing."[5] The Sunday Times said it is "An admirable book the first stop for anyone interested in Opus Dei."[6] Martha Teichner of CBS, a four-time Emmy award winner, said it is "widely considered the definitive book on Opus Dei."[7] Time Magazine called it "most informed and sympathetic" account of Opus Dei.[8] Ed Dobeas of Amazon.com said it contained "exhaustive research, interviews and careful analysis," and is a "balanced, perceptive inquiry," while Publishers Weekly said it is "most informative...exhaustive study," and that Allen's "balanced, even reporting sometimes borders on the clinical."[9] Fr. Richard John Neuhaus said it is "a candid and careful assessment of what Opus Dei is and isn’t." Christopher Howse says it is a "determinedly unsensationalist but deeply intriguing study."[10] Joe Szimhart says: "What he put in should go a long way to explain many facets of the Escrivà movement in Catholicism." Paul Baumann of Washington Monthly states: "has earned a reputation for balanced, informed reporting. He does not simply reflect the leanings of the liberal weekly paper that is his primary outlet. Here, that reputation gives credence to much of what Opus Dei members tell him in defending the group's philosophy and practices. In that sense, Allen may be too liberal for his own good."

Agencia Giornalistica Italiana (AGI), a major Italian news agency, described his work as having an "empirical approach" and that his book is of "great historical and journalistic interest."

[edit] Ideological slant and influence

Today, Allen is one of the few Catholic journalists respected by Catholics of both "liberal" and "conservative" persuasions.[citation needed] This is especially striking since his primary forum, the National Catholic Reporter, is generally considered more liberal than most other American Roman Catholic periodicals.

OPIS ROZSZERZONY / O KIM / O CZYM

Konklawe (łac. conclave, "pod kluczem", zamknięte pomieszczenie, pokój) – ogólne zgromadzenie kardynałów, zwoływane po 15., maksymalnie po 20. dniach od śmierci papieża (tyle czasu mają nieobecni kardynałowie na przybycie na spotkanie).

Historia [edytuj]

Pierwszy raz tą nazwą posłużył się papież Grzegorz X około 1274 r. – trzymani "pod kluczem" kardynałowie mieli dokonać wyboru papieża w trzy dni. W przeciwnym razie ograniczano im posiłki. Obecnie przebieg zgromadzenia regulowany jest przez Konstytucję Apostolską Universi Dominici Gregis wydaną przez Jana Pawła II w roku 1996. Od czasu Wielkiej Schizmy panuje zasada, że konklawe musi zakończyć się wyborem nowego papieża. Wspomniany dokument gwarantuje jego wybór w ciągu 21 dni lub wcześniej. W skład konklawe wchodzą kardynałowie elektorzy, czyli wyłącznie ci, którzy w dniu zaistnienia wakatu Stolicy Apostolskiej nie osiągnęli jeszcze wieku osiemdziesięciu lat.

Głosowanie [edytuj]

Znane w historii zgromadzenia konklawe często trwały kilka dni (a nawet miesięcy). Głosowanie kardynałów jest tajne i toczy się w kolejnych turach. Wspomniana konstytucja ogranicza liczbę głosowań do 30, po czym kardynał kamerling konsultuje się z kardynałami elektorami co do dalszego sposobu postępowania. Nie można w żadnym razie odstąpić od zasady, że papież musi być wybrany co najmniej bezwzględną większością głosów. Dana tura zostaje uznana za zakończoną wyborem jeśli co najmniej 2/3 głosów (jeżeli liczba elektorów nie jest podzielna bez reszty przez 3, wówczas wymagany jest jeden głos więcej) zostanie oddanych na jednego kandydata. Zostaje on nowym papieżem po wyrażeniu zgody (w historii nie zdarzyło się, żeby ktoś odmówił). Następnie pozostali kardynałowie wyrażają oddanie i posłuszeństwo nowemu zwierzchnikowi – homagium.

Wbrew utartej opinii kardynałowie nie są zobowiązani do wyboru nowego papieża spomiędzy siebie. Świadczy o tym bezpośrednio konstytucja Universi Dominici Gregis w n. 83: "niech oddadzą swój głos na tego, kogo także poza Kolegium Kardynałów uznają za bardziej godnego od innych do owocnego i skutecznego zarządzania Kościołem powszechnym", jak również pośrednio, gdyż zawarta jest w niej procedura postępowania na wypadek, gdyby nowo obrany nie miał jeszcze sakry biskupiej (n. 88-90).

Ogłoszenie wyniku [edytuj]

Do tej pory znakiem obwieszczającym dokonanie wyboru nowego papieża był biały dym nad kaplicą Sykstyńską (obecnie nie jest on wspomniany w Universi Dominici Gregis, choć jak pokazało konklawe po którym wybrano Benedykta XVI jest to nadal znak stosowany). W przeciągu kilku minut po ogłoszeniu wyboru za pomocą białego dymu, wybór potwierdzają dzwony watykańskie (to nowy znak). W kolejnym kroku kardynał protodiakon (pierwszy z kardynałów diakonów) oznajmia ludowi dokonany wybór: Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum – habemus papam (Ogłaszam wam wielką radosć – mamy papieża) i ogłasza jego imię. Nowo wybrany papież udziela Błogosławieństwa Apostolskiego Urbi et Orbi z balkonu Bazyliki Watykańskiej.

Ciekawostki [edytuj]

Liczba głosowań, jakie były potrzebne do wyboru 10 ostatnich papieży (nie licząc Benedykta XVI):

Pius IX (1846) – 4

Leon XIII (1878) – 3

Pius X (1903) – 7

Benedykt XV (1914) – 10

Pius XI (1922) – 14

Pius XII (1939) – 3

Jan XXIII (1958) – 11

Paweł VI (1963) – 6

Jan Paweł I (1978) – 4

Jan Paweł II (1978) – 8

Głosowań koniecznych do wyboru 8 papieży XX wieku było 63, z oddanymi 4305 kartkami wyborczymi.

CIEKAWOSTKI